Madison, WI, United States
What that is equal to
🏠 11.6 thousand
homes powered for a year
at the US average of 10,500 kWh per household
🌍 45.3 thousand t
CO₂ avoided annually
displacing grid power at 0.371 kg CO₂e/kWh (EPA eGRID)
🚗 9,847
cars taken off the road
an average passenger vehicle emits 4.6 t CO₂e a year
⚡ 349 million
electric vehicle miles
at roughly 0.35 kWh per mile
The pay-off
It pays for itself here. A panel on this roof delivers electricity at 9.6¢ a kWh against a local price of 19.7¢ — 51% cheaper than local power. The install is repaid after 11.8 years, inside the panel's 25-year life.
9.6¢ vs 19.7¢
cost per kWh: this panel vs the grid
levelised over 25 years including 0.5%/yr degradation
$276 million
to fit every building here
306,968 panels at $900 installed each
11.8 years
to break even
saving $24.1 million a year area-wide at today's price
Assumes $900 to install one 325 W panel — hardware, mounting,
microinverter, electrical work, labour and permitting — repaid only by the electricity it
avoids buying. No subsidies, tax credits, net-metering premium, financing cost or future
price rises are counted, and the figure is undiscounted. Electricity price is the
WI residential average (EIA, May 2026). A single panel is unusually expensive per watt because it
carries a whole array's fixed costs, which is why these numbers look worse than rooftop
solar generally does.
How this is calculated
| Buildings with roofs | 306,968 |
| × Panel rating | 325 W |
| × Annual yield per panel here | 397.8 kWh |
| Annual generation | 122,097,167 kWh |
Assumptions and limitations
- Yield is specific to this location: 397.8 kWh per panel per
year, from NASA POWER climatology transposed onto a tilted roof plane.
The same panel makes roughly 596 kWh in Phoenix and 265 kWh in Anchorage.
- Assumes a south-facing roof at a typical residential pitch, with a
~22% total system loss for soiling, shading, wiring, inverter, and heat.
- Counts every above-ground structure with a footprint of at least 20 m²,
so garages and outbuildings are excluded but barns and sheds of real
size are not. Building data is machine-derived and imperfect.
- No account is taken of roof orientation, obstructions, structural
condition, or whether the owner wants a panel.
Places like Madison, WI